ラズベリーパイPico WでBluetoothのセントラル機器を構築してみる

更新日：2024-01-31

ラズベリーパイPico WでBluetoothを使ってみるでラズベリーパイPico Wを子機(ペリフェラル)として、親機(セントラル)をAndroidのSerial Bluetooth Terminalにしてブルートゥースで接続しました。

今回は親機(セントラル)の方もラズベリーパイPico Wで構築してみます。

はじめにコードをかけるパソコンが一台しかない場合を考慮して、子機の方を電池やUSBを介してコンセントに直接挿して動作するように改修します。

でRaspberry Pi Picoの方にmain.pyを作成して、下記のコードを入力して保存します。

main.py

import bluetooth
from ble_simple_peripheral import BLESimplePeripheral
import time

ble = bluetooth.BLE()
p = BLESimplePeripheral(ble)

def on_rx(v):
    print("RX", v)

p.on_write(on_rx)

i = 0
while True:
    if p.is_connected():
        # Short burst of queued notifications.
        for _ in range(3):
            data = str(i) + "_"
            print("TX", data)
            p.send(data)
            i += 1
    time.sleep_ms(100)

このコードはble_simple_peripheral.pyのdemo関数のコードをそのまま使用しています。

これでラズベリーパイPico Wはパソコンに繋がっていなくても動作するようになりました。

続いて、親機(セントラル)側のコードを作成します。

子機同様、マイコン(Raspberry Pi Pico)に直接コードを保存します。

下記URLを開き、エディタ(Thonny)にコードをペーストしble_advertising.pyというファイル名でラズベリーパイPico Wに保存します。

ble_advertising.py

一応必要箇所を転機しておきます。

from micropython import const
import struct
import bluetooth

_ADV_TYPE_FLAGS = const(0x01)
_ADV_TYPE_NAME = const(0x09)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID16_COMPLETE = const(0x3)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID32_COMPLETE = const(0x5)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID128_COMPLETE = const(0x7)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID16_MORE = const(0x2)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID32_MORE = const(0x4)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID128_MORE = const(0x6)
_ADV_TYPE_APPEARANCE = const(0x19)

_ADV_MAX_PAYLOAD = const(31)

def advertising_payload(limited_disc=False, br_edr=False, name=None, services=None, appearance=0):
    payload = bytearray()

    def _append(adv_type, value):
        nonlocal payload
        payload += struct.pack("BB", len(value) + 1, adv_type) + value

    _append(
        _ADV_TYPE_FLAGS,
        struct.pack("B", (0x01 if limited_disc else 0x02) + (0x18 if br_edr else 0x04)),
    )

    if name:
        _append(_ADV_TYPE_NAME, name)

    if services:
        for uuid in services:
            b = bytes(uuid)
            if len(b) == 2:
                _append(_ADV_TYPE_UUID16_COMPLETE, b)
            elif len(b) == 4:
                _append(_ADV_TYPE_UUID32_COMPLETE, b)
            elif len(b) == 16:
                _append(_ADV_TYPE_UUID128_COMPLETE, b)

    # See org.bluetooth.characteristic.gap.appearance.xml
    if appearance:
        _append(_ADV_TYPE_APPEARANCE, struct.pack("<h", appearance))

    if len(payload) > _ADV_MAX_PAYLOAD:
        raise ValueError("advertising payload too large")

    return payload

def decode_field(payload, adv_type):
    i = 0
    result = []
    while i + 1 < len(payload):
        if payload[i + 1] == adv_type:
            result.append(payload[i + 2 : i + payload[i] + 1])
        i += 1 + payload[i]
    return result

def decode_name(payload):
    n = decode_field(payload, _ADV_TYPE_NAME)
    return str(n[0], "utf-8") if n else ""

def decode_services(payload):
    services = []
    for u in decode_field(payload, _ADV_TYPE_UUID16_COMPLETE):
        services.append(bluetooth.UUID(struct.unpack("<h", u)[0]))
    for u in decode_field(payload, _ADV_TYPE_UUID32_COMPLETE):
        services.append(bluetooth.UUID(struct.unpack("<d", u)[0]))
    for u in decode_field(payload, _ADV_TYPE_UUID128_COMPLETE):
        services.append(bluetooth.UUID(u))
    return services

続いて、下記URLを開き、エディタにコードをペーストしble_simple_central.pyというファイル名でラズベリーパイPico Wに保存します。

ble_simple_central.py

一応必要箇所を転機しておきます。

import bluetooth
import random
import struct
import time
import micropython

from ble_advertising import decode_services, decode_name

from micropython import const

_IRQ_CENTRAL_CONNECT = const(1)
_IRQ_CENTRAL_DISCONNECT = const(2)
_IRQ_GATTS_WRITE = const(3)
_IRQ_GATTS_READ_REQUEST = const(4)
_IRQ_SCAN_RESULT = const(5)
_IRQ_SCAN_DONE = const(6)
_IRQ_PERIPHERAL_CONNECT = const(7)
_IRQ_PERIPHERAL_DISCONNECT = const(8)
_IRQ_GATTC_SERVICE_RESULT = const(9)
_IRQ_GATTC_SERVICE_DONE = const(10)
_IRQ_GATTC_CHARACTERISTIC_RESULT = const(11)
_IRQ_GATTC_CHARACTERISTIC_DONE = const(12)
_IRQ_GATTC_DESCRIPTOR_RESULT = const(13)
_IRQ_GATTC_DESCRIPTOR_DONE = const(14)
_IRQ_GATTC_READ_RESULT = const(15)
_IRQ_GATTC_READ_DONE = const(16)
_IRQ_GATTC_WRITE_DONE = const(17)
_IRQ_GATTC_NOTIFY = const(18)
_IRQ_GATTC_INDICATE = const(19)

_ADV_IND = const(0x00)
_ADV_DIRECT_IND = const(0x01)
_ADV_SCAN_IND = const(0x02)
_ADV_NONCONN_IND = const(0x03)

_UART_SERVICE_UUID = bluetooth.UUID("6E400001-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E")
_UART_RX_CHAR_UUID = bluetooth.UUID("6E400002-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E")
_UART_TX_CHAR_UUID = bluetooth.UUID("6E400003-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E")


class BLESimpleCentral:
    def __init__(self, ble):
        self._ble = ble
        self._ble.active(True)
        self._ble.irq(self._irq)

        self._reset()

    def _reset(self):
        # Cached name and address from a successful scan.
        self._name = None
        self._addr_type = None
        self._addr = None

        # Callbacks for completion of various operations.
        # These reset back to None after being invoked.
        self._scan_callback = None
        self._conn_callback = None
        self._read_callback = None

        # Persistent callback for when new data is notified from the device.
        self._notify_callback = None

        # Connected device.
        self._conn_handle = None
        self._start_handle = None
        self._end_handle = None
        self._tx_handle = None
        self._rx_handle = None

    def _irq(self, event, data):
        if event == _IRQ_SCAN_RESULT:
            addr_type, addr, adv_type, rssi, adv_data = data
            if adv_type in (_ADV_IND, _ADV_DIRECT_IND) and _UART_SERVICE_UUID in decode_services(
                adv_data
            ):
                # Found a potential device, remember it and stop scanning.
                self._addr_type = addr_type
                self._addr = bytes(
                    addr
                )  # Note: addr buffer is owned by caller so need to copy it.
                self._name = decode_name(adv_data) or "?"
                self._ble.gap_scan(None)

        elif event == _IRQ_SCAN_DONE:
            if self._scan_callback:
                if self._addr:
                    # Found a device during the scan (and the scan was explicitly stopped).
                    self._scan_callback(self._addr_type, self._addr, self._name)
                    self._scan_callback = None
                else:
                    # Scan timed out.
                    self._scan_callback(None, None, None)

        elif event == _IRQ_PERIPHERAL_CONNECT:
            # Connect successful.
            conn_handle, addr_type, addr = data
            if addr_type == self._addr_type and addr == self._addr:
                self._conn_handle = conn_handle
                self._ble.gattc_discover_services(self._conn_handle)

        elif event == _IRQ_PERIPHERAL_DISCONNECT:
            # Disconnect (either initiated by us or the remote end).
            conn_handle, _, _ = data
            if conn_handle == self._conn_handle:
                # If it was initiated by us, it'll already be reset.
                self._reset()

        elif event == _IRQ_GATTC_SERVICE_RESULT:
            # Connected device returned a service.
            conn_handle, start_handle, end_handle, uuid = data
            print("service", data)
            if conn_handle == self._conn_handle and uuid == _UART_SERVICE_UUID:
                self._start_handle, self._end_handle = start_handle, end_handle

        elif event == _IRQ_GATTC_SERVICE_DONE:
            # Service query complete.
            if self._start_handle and self._end_handle:
                self._ble.gattc_discover_characteristics(
                    self._conn_handle, self._start_handle, self._end_handle
                )
            else:
                print("Failed to find uart service.")

        elif event == _IRQ_GATTC_CHARACTERISTIC_RESULT:
            # Connected device returned a characteristic.
            conn_handle, def_handle, value_handle, properties, uuid = data
            if conn_handle == self._conn_handle and uuid == _UART_RX_CHAR_UUID:
                self._rx_handle = value_handle
            if conn_handle == self._conn_handle and uuid == _UART_TX_CHAR_UUID:
                self._tx_handle = value_handle

        elif event == _IRQ_GATTC_CHARACTERISTIC_DONE:
            # Characteristic query complete.
            if self._tx_handle is not None and self._rx_handle is not None:
                # We've finished connecting and discovering device, fire the connect callback.
                if self._conn_callback:
                    self._conn_callback()
            else:
                print("Failed to find uart rx characteristic.")

        elif event == _IRQ_GATTC_WRITE_DONE:
            conn_handle, value_handle, status = data
            print("TX complete")

        elif event == _IRQ_GATTC_NOTIFY:
            conn_handle, value_handle, notify_data = data
            if conn_handle == self._conn_handle and value_handle == self._tx_handle:
                if self._notify_callback:
                    self._notify_callback(notify_data)

    # Returns true if we've successfully connected and discovered characteristics.
    def is_connected(self):
        return (
            self._conn_handle is not None
            and self._tx_handle is not None
            and self._rx_handle is not None
        )

    # Find a device advertising the environmental sensor service.
    def scan(self, callback=None):
        self._addr_type = None
        self._addr = None
        self._scan_callback = callback
        self._ble.gap_scan(2000, 30000, 30000)

    # Connect to the specified device (otherwise use cached address from a scan).
    def connect(self, addr_type=None, addr=None, callback=None):
        self._addr_type = addr_type or self._addr_type
        self._addr = addr or self._addr
        self._conn_callback = callback
        if self._addr_type is None or self._addr is None:
            return False
        self._ble.gap_connect(self._addr_type, self._addr)
        return True

    # Disconnect from current device.
    def disconnect(self):
        if self._conn_handle is None:
            return
        self._ble.gap_disconnect(self._conn_handle)
        self._reset()

    # Send data over the UART
    def write(self, v, response=False):
        if not self.is_connected():
            return
        self._ble.gattc_write(self._conn_handle, self._rx_handle, v, 1 if response else 0)

    # Set handler for when data is received over the UART.
    def on_notify(self, callback):
        self._notify_callback = callback


def demo():
    ble = bluetooth.BLE()
    central = BLESimpleCentral(ble)

    not_found = False

    def on_scan(addr_type, addr, name):
        if addr_type is not None:
            print("Found peripheral:", addr_type, addr, name)
            central.connect()
        else:
            nonlocal not_found
            not_found = True
            print("No peripheral found.")

    central.scan(callback=on_scan)

    # Wait for connection...
    while not central.is_connected():
        time.sleep_ms(100)
        if not_found:
            return

    print("Connected")

    def on_rx(v):
        print("RX", v)

    central.on_notify(on_rx)

    with_response = False

    i = 0
    while central.is_connected():
        try:
            v = str(i) + "_"
            print("TX", v)
            central.write(v, with_response)
        except:
            print("TX failed")
        i += 1
        time.sleep_ms(400 if with_response else 30)

    print("Disconnected")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    demo()

今回のコードにはデモ用のコードがありますのでThonny上で実行してみます。

実行するとコンソールに

MPY: soft reboot
Found peripheral: 0 b'\xd8:\xddZ\xbc\xb9' mpy-uart
service (64, 1, 3, UUID(0x1800))
service (64, 4, 6, UUID(0x1801))
service (64, 7, 12, UUID('6e400001-b5a3-f393-e0a9-e50e24dcca9e'))
Connected
TX 0_
RX 
RX 
RX 
TX 1_

のように出力されました。